Evaluation of Components Associated with the Complement Pathway as Potential Biomarkers for Breast Tumors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69980/ajpr.v28i5.560Keywords:
Breast cancer, Complement, C1q, C3, ProperdinAbstract
The study was designed to investigate the variations in complement system components (C1q, Properdin, C3, and C4) expression patterns among breast tumor types that are benign, malignant, and normal. Eighty samples were collected from women who attended the Early Detection of Breast Diseases Center at Al-Hussein Medical City in Karbala from 1/12/2024 to 20/12/2025. The women were examined clinically by a specialist consultant. The tissue sample was collected by fine needle aspirate or tissue biopsy, and then analyzed by immunohistochemistry to detect its type, degree of cancer, as well as the expression rate of hormones. This study used ELISA to evaluate C1q, Properdin, C3, and C4 levels in the serum of 68 female participants: ductal (n = 25), lobular (n = 8), benign (n = 18), and healthy controls (n = 17). Samples were obtained prior to treatment, stored at -20°C, and ethically approved.
Age and residence showed no significant differences between groups, but BMI, socioeconomic status, and education did. Most patients were overweight and had lower socioeconomic and educational levels. Hormone receptor positivity was highest in lobular carcinomas, while ductal tumors showed more triple-negative and basal-like subtypes. C1q levels were significantly higher in ductal carcinoma, while C3 was lower in benign lesions. C4 showed no significant variation. Properdin was reduced considerably in all pathological groups compared to controls, but did not differ among them. Correlations suggested complex immune-hormonal interactions. Findings support the potential of C1q and Properdin as diagnostic markers, though not for subtype distinction.
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