Panchamahabhuta Siddhanta: Philosophical Foundation And Scientific Interpretation – A Review

Abstract

Panchamahabhuta Siddhanta, a fundamental philosophical concept in Ayurveda. It delves into the etymological and philosophical origins of the five great elements Akasha (Ether/Space), Vayu (Air), Agni (Fire), Jala (Water), and Prithvi (Earth)—tracing their evolution from ancient Indian philosophical schools, particularly Sankhya and Nyaya-Vaisheshika. The paper elucidates their intricate roles in Ayurvedic physiology, including their influence on the Tridoshas, Sapta Dhatus, embryonic development, and pharmacological principles. Furthermore, it critically examines potential correlations between Panchamahabhuta principles and modern scientific disciplines such as biochemistry, anatomy, and pharmacotherapeutics, highlighting areas of convergence and divergence. The clinical significance of this Siddhanta in Ayurvedic diagnosis and individualized therapeutic interventions is discussed, alongside the challenges and opportunities for integrating traditional wisdom with contemporary scientific paradigms. This review aims to bridge the understanding between classical Ayurvedic texts and modern scientific inquiry, fostering a holistic approach to health and disease.