Mapping Associations Between Smartphone Addiction and Physical Psychosocial Outcomes in Young Adults: A Review

Abstract

Smartphones have become indispensable tools in modern life, particularly among young adults who rely on them for communication, education, and entertainment. However, rising patterns of excessive and uncontrolled use often described as smartphone addiction are increasingly linked to a wide spectrum of adverse physical and psychosocial outcomes. This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the associations between smartphone addiction and health consequences in young adults, with emphasis on physical, psychosocial, and interconnected outcomes, while identifying research gaps and future directions. Evidence indicates that smartphone addiction is consistently associated with musculoskeletal strain, forward head posture, reduced neck muscle endurance, repetitive strain injuries, and sleep disruption. Psychosocial consequences include heightened anxiety, depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, fear of missing out (FoMO), and poorer academic performance. Notably, these outcomes interact bidirectionally: for example, sleep disturbance exacerbates musculoskeletal pain and psychological distress, while chronic discomfort increases vulnerability to stress and low mood. Cross-cultural research reveals varying prevalence and risk factors, with up to one-third of young adults in India exhibiting problematic smartphone use. Despite growing evidence, research is limited by inconsistent diagnostic criteria, heavy reliance on cross-sectional designs, and lack of longitudinal or mechanistic studies. In conclusion smartphone addiction in young adults represents a multidimensional health concern with interlinked physical and psychosocial effects. Addressing current gaps requires standardized diagnostic frameworks, longitudinal and interventional studies, integration of objective measures, and greater representation of diverse populations. Future directions should focus on developing preventive and therapeutic interventions, including digital literacy programs, ergonomic training, and psychosocial support. A multidisciplinary approach engaging healthcare providers, educators, policymakers, and technology developers will be critical to mitigating risks and promoting healthier digital habits among young adults.