Epidemiology of Adhesive Capsulitis in Indian Population: A Review

Abstract

Adhesive Capsulitis (AC), commonly known as Frozen Shoulder, is a debilitating musculoskeletal condition characterized by progressive shoulder pain and restricted range of motion. Although Adhesive Capsulitis has been extensively studied in Western populations, limited comprehensive evidence is available regarding its epidemiology, risk factors, and its impact on Indian population, where high rates of metabolic disorders such as diabetes may affect disease patterns. The aim of this review is to explore the prevalence, risk factors, and impact of Adhesive Capsulitis in the Indian population. The global prevalence of Adhesive Capsulitis is estimated to be between 2% to 5% in the general population with higher rates in individuals between the ages of 40 to 60 years. The prevalence of AC in India has been found to be 10% to 42.58% in individuals with diabetes, particularly among the middle-aged and elderly populations. The risk factors contributing to the development of AC in India include diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, trauma or shoulder injuries, gender, age, and autoimmune conditions. The impact of AC is multifaceted, involving significant clinical, psychosocial, and economic burdens. Clinically, it leads to chronic pain, functional limitations, and disability, significantly impairing an individual's ability to perform daily activities and work. Psychosocially, patients often experience emotional distress, including anxiety and depression, exacerbated by long recovery periods and functional impairments. Economically, the condition contributes to substantial healthcare costs, lost productivity, and caregiving burdens. This review emphasizes the need for greater awareness, early diagnosis, and improved management strategies to mitigate the impact of Adhesive Capsulitis in India. Addressing these factors can enhance outcomes and reduce the burden on individuals and the healthcare system.